NINE WEEK
VIDEO:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bg3evGhFq3I&feature=player_embedded
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bg3evGhFq3I&feature=player_embedded
- How is spanking described by Dr. Elizabeth Gershoff? dr . gershoff considers spanking a corpal form of punishment but it doesnt teach children a lesson like the example she used of the child who hit his sister for the toy, the boy wont learn to share he will just do things behind his mothers back.
- What kind of objects can parents use to spank their children? Parents are the most part use the hands to give children a spanking although some use objects but using the hands is the most common.
- How often data says that parents spank their children? data show that 90% of the parents have spanked there children atleast once
- What are the consequences of spanking described by Dr. Gershoff? Spanking once or twice in a lifetime will not cause much harm to the children but if it is continous it may lead to depression, agressive attitude even suicidal thoughts
WEEK 6 TOEFL Reading Test 2
Smart Energy
The next few decades will see great changes in the way energy is supplied and used. In some major oil producing nations, 'peak oil' has already been reached, and there are increasing fears of global warming. Consequently, many countries are focusing on the switch to a low carbon economy. This transition will lead to major changes in the supply and use of electricity. [A] Firstly, there will be an increase in overall demand, as consumers switch from oil and gas to electricity to power their homes and vehicles. [B] Secondly, there will be an increase in power generation, not only in terms of how much is generated, but also how it is generated, as there is growing electricity generation from renewable sources. [C] To meet these challenges, countries are investing in Smart Grid technology. [D] This system aims to provide the electricity industry with a better understanding of power generation and demand, and to use this information to create a more efficient power network.
Smart Grid technology basically involves the application of a computer system to the electricity network. The computer system can be used to collect information about supply and demand and improve engineer's ability to manage the system. With better information about electricity demand, the network will be able to increase the amount of electricity delivered per unit generated, leading to potential reductions in fuel needs and carbon emissions. Moreover, the computer system will assist in reducing operational and maintenance costs.
Smart Grid technology offers benefits to the consumer too. They will be able to collect real-time information on their energy use for each appliance. Varying tariffs throughout the day will give customers the incentive to use appliances at times when supply greatly exceeds demand, leading to great reductions in bills. For example, they may use their washing machines at night. Smart meters can also be connected to the internet or telephone system, allowing customers to switch appliances on or off remotely. Furthermore, if houses are fitted with the apparatus to generate their own power, appliances can be set to run directly from the on-site power source, and any excess can be sold to the grid.
With these changes comes a range of challenges. The first involves managing the supply and demand. Sources of renewable energy, such as wind, wave and solar, are notoriously unpredictable, and nuclear power, which is also set to increase as nations switch to alternative energy sources, is inflexible. With oil and gas, it is relatively simple to increase the supply of energy to match the increasing demand during peak times of the day or year. With alternative sources, this is far more difficult, and may lead to blackouts or system collapse. Potential solutions include investigating new and efficient ways to store energy and encouraging consumers to use electricity at off-peak times.
A second problem is the fact that many renewable power generation sources are located inremote areas, such as windy uplands and coastal regions, where there is currently a lack of electrical infrastructure. New infrastructures therefore must be built. Thankfully, with improved smart technology, this can be done more efficiently by reducing the reinforcement or construction costs.
Although Smart Technology is still in its infancy, pilot schemes to promote and test it are already underway. Consumers are currently testing the new smart meters which can be used in their homes to manage electricity use. There are also a number of demonstrations being planned to show how the smart technology could practically work, and trials are in place to test the new electrical infrastructure. It is likely that technology will be added in 'layers', starting with 'quick win' methods which will provide initial carbon savings, to be followed by more advanced systems at a later date. Cities are prime candidates for investment into smart energy, due to the high population density and high energy use. It is here where Smart Technology is likely to be promoted first, utilising a range of sustainable power sources, transport solutions and an infrastructure for charging electrically powered vehicles. The infrastructure is already changing fast. By the year 2050, changes in the energy supply will have transformed our homes, our roads and our behaviour.
WEEK 3 INDEPENDENT STUDY
1. A: Why are you holding a piece of paper?
B: I (write) am going to write a letter to my friends back home in Texas.
REASON plan
2. A: I'm about to fall asleep. I need to wake up!
B: I (get) 'll get you a cup of coffee. That will wake you up.
REASON voluntary action
3. A: I can't hear the television!
B: I (turn) 'll turn it up so you can hear it.
REASON voluntary action
4. We are so excited about our trip next month to France. We (visit) are going to visit Paris, Nice and Grenoble.
REASON plan
5. Sarah (come) is going to come / 'll come to the party. Oliver (be) is going to be / 'll be there as well.
REASON prediction
6. A: It is so hot in here!
B: I (turn) 'll turn the air conditioning on.
REASON voluntary action
7. I think he (be) is going to be / 'll be the next president of the United States.
REASON prediction
8. After I graduate, I (attend) am going to attend medical school and become a doctor.
REASON plan
9. A: Excuse me, I need to talk to someone about our hotel room. I am afraid it is simply too small for four people.
B: That man at the service counter (help) will help you.
REASON voluntary action
10. As soon as the weather clears up, we (walk) are going to walk down to the beach and go swimming.
REASON plan
2.COMPLETE
1. Today after I (get) get out of class, I (go) am going to go to a movie with some friends.
2. When you (arrive) arrive in Stockholm, call my friend Gustav. He (show) 'll show you around the city and help you get situated.
3. A: Do you know what you want to do after you (graduate) graduate ?
B: After I (receive) receive my Master's from Georgetown University, I (go) am going to go to graduate school at UCSD in San Diego. I (plan) plan to complete a Ph.D. in cognitive science.
4. If it (snow) snows this weekend, we (go) are going to go skiing near Lake Tahoe.
5. Your father (plan) plans to pick you up after school today at 3:00 o'clock. He (meet) is going to meet you across the street near the ice cream shop. If something happens and he cannot be there, I (pick) 'll pick you up instead.
6. If the people of the world (stop, not) do not stop cutting down huge stretches of rain forest, we (experience) are going to experience/ will experience huge changes in the environment during the twenty-first century.
7. If Vera (keep) keeps drinking, she (lose, eventually) is eventually going to lose / 'll eventually lose her job.
8. I promise you that I (tell, not) won't tell your secret to anybody. Even if somebody (ask) asks me about what happened that day, I (reveal, not) won't reveal the truth to a single person.
9. She (make) is going to make some major changes in her life. She (quit) is going to quit her job and go back to school. After she (finish) finishes studying, she (get) is going to get a better paying job and buy a house. She is going to improve her life!
10. Tom (call) is going to call when he (arrive) arrives in Madrid. He (stay) is going to stay with you for two or three days until his new apartment (be) is available.
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